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More than one of these options may be listed, if your system knows thatyou have more than one program installed that can do the job. Open with Other Application:Choosing this option opens a submenuthat (often) contains a list of installed programs that can handle this file. You can select one of these programs or choose Open With Other Appli- cation to open the Open With dialog box. From this dialog box, you can Type in the full pathto the application (the full directory path, like/usr/bin/konqueror) Click the Browse button to open a file browser and surf to the pro- gram you want to useAfter you select the program to open the file with, click Open to proceed. Copying and moving filesYou can copy and move items using two different methods in Nautilus. Thefirst is by using the usual method you re probably familiar with from Windowsor the Mac OS clicking and grabbing a file or folder and then dragging itwhere you want to go. You can click and drag between folder windows andinto folder icons. Following are some handy tips: Hold down the Ctrl key while you drag if you want to make a copy ratherthan just move the file. If you want to drag the file into a folder icon, make sure that the foldericon is highlighted before you release the mouse. If you want to drag the file into a folder window but not into one of thefolder icons, make sure that the folder icons are not highlighted beforeyou release the mouse. The other method for copying and moving files and directories involves thefollowing steps: 1.Right-click the file or directory you want to copy or move. 2.From the context menu that appears, choose Cut File if you want tomove the file or Copy File if you want to copy it. The file doesn t disappear after you make your selection if you re tryingto move it. 3.Select the folder you want to move the file into. Don t double-click it; just click it. 4.Do one of the following: If you want to move or copy the file into a folder window, right- click inside that window (just make sure that nothing is high- lighted) and then choose Paste Files. 198Part III:Getting Up to Speed with Linux

Along with these View menu commands, you can also use Reload:If you just created a file and don t see it in the folder, select thisoption. Show Hidden Files:All files in Linux whose names start with a dot (forexample, .profile) are hidden files, meaning that you have to explicitlytell Linux you want to see them. Visible Columns:Opens the folder s Visible Columns dialog box, whichyou can use to pick the information (and its order) that appears whenusing View As List. Along with these commands, you can choose the View menu s Zoom In, ZoomOut, and Normal Size options if you need to change the size of the folder scontents. Opening files and running programsTo open a file or run a program in Nautilus, double-click it. That s it! Well, notentirely. You can also right-click a file to open the context menu and thenchoose one of the following from the context menu: Open with program:If the file is associated with a particular programalready, choosing this option is the same as double-clicking the file. Figure 10-3: Nautiluswith theView As Listoption inDee s homedirectory in FedoraCore 3.197Chapter 10: Manipulating Files and Directories16_

the parent directories plus the current one. The list might look like the fol- lowing for the example: homejanedocumentsinvoicesThen, to back up, you can select the spot in the directory tree (for example, janeto go to /home/jane) you want to move to. Setting how much you see in a folderAre you getting too much information about each file or not enough? Experiment with the View menu. The major listing options under the Viewinclude the following commands View As Catalog:This command is available only when images are in thefolder, as shown earlier in Figure 10-1. It shows all the images as thoughyou re looking through a photo album and doesn t show anything else. View As Icons:This default option shows all files as icons with namesbeneath them (see Figure 10-2). View As List:This command gives you a list of information about thefile, as well as its icon and name (see Figure 10-3). Figure 10-2: Nautiluswith theView AsIcons optionin Dee shomedirectory in FedoraCore 3.196Part III:Getting Up to Speed with Linux

Navigating your filesystemTo open a directory in Nautilus, locate its name in the list and double-click it. A new folder that contains the directory s contents opens. As you movethrough subdirectories, a new folder opens each time. If you find that you vegot way too many directories open, choose one of the following commands: File.Close Parent Folders:Closes all the folders used to get to thisdirectory. File.Close All Folders: Closes all the file browser folders you have open. File.Close:Closes just this folder. You can also return to a folder previously accessed, if you want. (For exam- ple, maybe you re in /home/jane/documents/invoicesand want to go backto /home/janewithout opening and closing multiple folders). To do so, lookat the very bottom of the folder window to find the name of the subdirectoryyou re in (such as invoices). Click that name, and you open a list that has allFigure 10-1: NautilusdisplayingDee s homedirectory in FedoraCore 3.195Chapter 10: Manipulating Files and Directories16_

to dig through and manipulate your files and directories with your mouse andsometimes just a bit of typing. In this section, I take you on a tour of the filemanagers that, by default, come with popular Linux distributions. Sailin with NautilusIn the GNOME desktop environment (so in Fedora Core if you re using the dis- tribution defaults), the file manager is Nautilus.To find this program, double- click the Home icon on your desktop. Figure 10-1 shows an example of whatyou can see with Nautilus open in an example home directory. If you want to play with a more sophisticated version of Nautilus, selectApplications.File Browser. Finding your way aroundMoving through the file system in Nautilus involves a couple of differentskills. In the first place, you need to know where you want to begin. Thisfactor decision isn t as difficult as it sounds, however. In the Places menu, you find the following options: Home:Your home directory, which is where all (or most of) of your filesand documents go. Computer:All your hard drives, floppy drives, CD and DVD-ROM drives, and other permanent and removable storage devices. Templates:Your document templates. Copy or move a document intothis section (I tell you how in the section Copying and moving files, later in this chapter). When you right-click on your desktop and chooseCreate Document from the context menu that appears, you re able tochoose the items in your Templates folder as a basis for the documentthat you want to make. Trash:The contents of your trash bin. I address how to empty it in thesection Taking out the trash, later in this chapter. CD Creator:Your CD waiting room. If you want to make a CD that con- tains a bunch of files (as opposed to creating an ISO image), move thosefiles to this location. You can find out about creating CDs in Chapter 18, because many people create CDs in the context of multimedia. After you choose one of the preceding commands, a separate window opens, leaving the window you were already working in open as well. You can closethe original window if you want by choosing File.Close or clicking the X inthe window s upper right corner. 194Part III:Getting Up to Speed with Linux

Chapter 10Manipulating Files and DirectoriesIn This Chapter Encountering Linux file types Managing Linux file permissions Maneuvering through the file system Working with file system contents Referring to multiple files at once using wildcardsThere is no need to do any housework at all. After the first four years, thedirt doesn t get any worse. Quentin CrispThere s no avoiding it. At some point, you have to work with the files anddirectories in your system. Fortunately, after you get familiar with therules and commands, you feel more comfortable (even if you find yourselfbeing reminded from time to time of working in good old MS-DOS). Becausemany people find that working at the command line is easier when dealingwith files, in this chapter I cover both the typed commands and the graphicaltools you have at your disposal. Working with Files in the GUIPeople who prefer to stay graphical like to work with the GUI file managersoffered in Linux instead of having to access a command prompt to work withfiles. A file manageris a program, such as Windows Explorer, that enables you16_

In this part . . . In this part of the book, I expand my coverage of Linuxbeyond what s part and parcel of the operating systemto include its many other facilities and capabilities. Thesecomponents are critical to making Linux the raging mon- ster of productivity that a well-constructed, properly con- figured system can represent. Here you read about the Linux file system and how tomanage its constituent files and directories, as well as howto control which users or groups are permitted to accessthese vital system resources. You also can read aboutusing the Linux command-prompt environment, known asthe shell,along with some key capabilities that should bepart of any savvy Linux user s standard repertoire. In addition, you find out how to keep your system currentand install new software. You also get the inside scoop onall that security stuff that computer experts are alwaysgoing on about. Those who like working without a net candabble with working on the command line, while those whowant nothing to do with (gasp) typing can leap straight tothe fun of customizing the look and feel of your GUI.

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If you can open a Web site but can t get IM to work, the IM system maybe unavailable. This problem occurs at times because of maintenance ofthe IM service or an excessive amount of traffic on the Internet or on theIM service. If you attempt to access the IM service from your computer at work, your company or organization may block the IM service for security orproductivity reasons. If using IM at your work is permitted, check withyour network administrator to see whether he can help you out. Often, companies use firewalls between the company s network and theInternet to keep out unwanted traffic on the company s network. If thefirewall is configured to block IM traffic, you cannot use IM across theInternet. Working with Other Internet ToolsYou may want to explore a variety of other types of tools, depending on yourneeds. This section covers some pointers to get you started, so if you go toChapter 12 and want to add the appropriate software (or find yourself diggingthrough menus and wondering what the program may be called), you aren tcompletely lost. FTP programs:If you want to FTP, a commonly used program in theLinux world is GFTP. This program is available for all five distributionsdiscussed in this book, although it s only installed by default inMandrake. The KDE equivalent is KBear. IRC programs:While the IM clients support IRC these days, you mayprefer a program that s used only for IRC. Common programs for thispurpose are X-Chat and KIRC. File sharing:LimeWire is a popular one if you want to use the Gnutellanetwork. RSS readers:Firefox has a number of RSS extensions designed for it. Inaddition, Straw is a popular RSS program. In general, if you re not sure what programs to use, do a Web search on thetype of thing you want to do (like RSS) and the word Linux. So, to find all theLinux-based file-sharing programs that handle BitTorrent (a popular networkfor distributing, among other things, legal copies of Linux distributions), youcan search onfile sharing bittorrent linux190Part II:Internet Now!

8.If you get e-mail through this service and want to know when newmail has arrived, check the New Mail Notifications check box. 9.If you want to use a tiny picture as a buddy icon(of yourself, yourdog, or whatever else you might want to use), click the Open buttonnext to the Buddy Icon label and then navigate to the picture youwant to use. 10.If you want access to the more advanced options for this IM service, click the Show More Options arrow to expand the Add Account dialog box. 11.When you finish entering your information, click Save to add this IMaccount to your accounts list. Go through this process for each account you want to use with GAIM. Then, in the main dialog box , click Sign On to log into all the accounts that youselected as Auto-Login. You can also open the Accounts dialog box by click- ing Accounts from the main dialog box and then clicking the individual checkboxes next to the accounts to log into them one by one. After you connect, you can alter your preferences in the Buddy List dialog box by choosingTools.Preferences. Again, GAIM has more to it than this, so it s definitelyworth playing around with this tool. Troubleshooting your IM connectionsIf you ve been using most of these IM clients with other operating systems, after your Linux system has successfully connected to the IM service, yourexisting buddy lists are automatically imported. If you haven t ever used AIMor MSN, you can now set up buddy lists. Buddy listscontain the usernames ofpeople you want to communicate with through the instant messaging service. Your buddy list lets you know when your buddies are online and availableto receive an instant message. Sometimes, your Linux system is unable to connect properly to the IM ser- vice. When this problem happens, an error message pops up on your screenand indicates a failure to connect. You may be unable to connect to the IMservice for several reasons: You may have entered the wrong password for your IM account orchosen the incorrect IM account name. Your computer may not be connected to the Internet. Try opening yourWeb browser to see whether you can get to a Web site, which tells youwhether you re connected to the Internet. 189Chapter 9: Using the Internet14_